Swedish study, Holmberg S et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Food choices and coronary heart disease: a population based cohort study of rural Swedish men with 12 years of follow-up. 2009 Oct;6(10):2626-38. Epub 2009 Oct 12. This study examined mens eating habits dirung 12 years to investigate correlations between cardiovascular decise and food choices. The study showed that a daily intage of fruit and vegetables togheter with diary fats was positive for the heart.
"Fat food combined with fruit and vegetables can lower the risk for heartconditions.
Our hypotesis is that fruit and vegetables contain healty substances, but many of them are fat soluble, so the body cannot utilize them withouth fat in the diet. "
- Sara Holmberg, med dr o
Mozzafarian 2004. AJCN Saturated fats good carbs and bad for your coronary arteries?Read more about the study here.
Based on current evidence, replacement of total, unsaturated, and even possibly saturated fats with refined, high-glycemic index carbohydrates is unlikely to reduce CHD risk and may increase risk in persons predisposed to insulin resistance. In contrast, a diet that is 1) rich in whole grains and other minimally processed carbohydrates; 2) includes moderate amounts of fats (approximately 30%-40% of total energy), particularly unsaturated fats and omega-3 polyunsaturated fats from seafood and plant sources; 3) is lower in refined grains and carbohydrates; and 4) eliminates packaged foods, baked goods, and fast foods containing trans fatty acids, will likely reduce the risk of CHD.
WHI 2006. JAMA study, which many consider to be the final nail in the coffin of the theory that fat and saturated fat would give heart disease. Gigantic study of nearly 50,000 women followed for 8 years. All at a pretty cost of over half a billion dollars. Just under half were randomized to low-fat diet and lowered fat intake sharpey, and ate more fruit and vegetables. The result was no reduction in risk of heart disease. The fact was that for those already ill heart was a tendency towards increased risk in low-fat group, which was statistically significant. To top it off, there was no reduction in cancer risk, and those who tried to reduce fat intake had not lost even a pound during the 8 years on average, compared to those who ate normally. This is despite low-fat group also exercised more.Here is the DN's report, here's a report from Harvard .
Berglund 2007. Läkartidningen. Great article in the medical journal titled "Fat intake and cardiovascular health - are we misinformed? '. It expressed the view that the current low-fat dietary advice in the light of current knowledge simply does not have scientific basis, but needs to be revised. The debate in the medical journal of fat / saturated fat is dangerous or not then been hot: Misleading about fat - critical review of dietary advice from expert groups , diet with high intake of fat may be questioned , Oddly gambit from nutrition experts , Why deny the "diet gurus" science? , High time for new thinking in the diet question
Mente 2009th AIM. Large systematic review of all studies on diet and prevention of heart disease. Very sugar / simple carbs are dangerous. But support for the theories of fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, meat, eggs, dairy products are very weak. More about the study.
Skeaff 2009th Great WHO review of all relevant observational and intervention studies in less fat and saturated fat and heart disease. We see no significant connection between the intake of fat and saturated fat and heart disease in observational studies. Nor are there any significant effect on heart disease in intervention studies with less fat and less saturated fat. More about the study.
"It is high time that we dispelled the mythology surrounding eggs and heart disease and restored them to their rightful place on our menus where they can make a valuable contribution to healthy balanced diets."
Siri-Tarino in 2010. AJCN. Large meta-analysis of all observational studies on the intake of natural saturated fat and risk of heart disease. One sees no connection. People who eat a lot of saturated fat are as healthy as others. More about the study.
"However, replacement with a higher carbohydrate intake, particularly refined carbohydrate, can exacerbate the atherogenic dyslipidemia associated with insulin resistance and obesity that includes increased triglycerides, small LDL particles, and reduced HDL cholesterol. In summary, although substitution of dietary polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat has been shown to lower CVD risk, there are few epidemiologic or clinical trial data to support a benefit of replacing saturated fat with carbohydrate."
Kratz 2012. EJN. A review of all observational studies on the intake of dairy products high in fat (like butter). We see no correlation with disease or obesity. If something seems to people who eat a lot of butter to be slimmer and healthier. More about the study.
Finally a quote from Ancel Keys, known as the father of the low fat diet The Amercian Journal of Public Health (1953):
”As will be seen, the cholesterol level in the blood (and the level of the related lipoproteins) can be influenced by the diet, both in man and in some animal species. However, the situation has been greatly confused by too much reliance on experiments with animal species differing from man in cholesterol metabolism. Adding equal amounts of cholesterol itself to the diet produces widely different results in the several species studied so far, the rabbit and the chicken being at one extreme, while man, the dog, and probably the monkey are at another and opposite extreme. Atherosclerosis may be readily produced in the rabbit and in the chicken by feeding a diet containing large amounts of added cholesterol. There is no doubt that the resulting arterial deposits of cholesterol are directly related to the concentration of cholesterol in the blood which rises to great heights in these species, while feeding cholesterol to man, or to the monkey, has very little effect on the blood even when enormous doses of cholesterol are given.
The cholesterol-fortified diet commonly used to produce hypercholesterolemia and subsequent atherosclerosis in the rabbit contains 1-5 per cent of added cholesterol. A 2 per cent cholesterol diet for the rabbit, which is most commonly used, corresponds to about 15 gm. of cholesterol in a 3,000-calorie diet for a man. Such an amount of cholesterol is fantastically far above anything that occurs in any natural human diet, the upper limit of the latter being of the order of 1 gm. in 3,000 calories. Even when concentrating on foods of naturally very high cholesterol content, it is difficult to devise a regular diet to provide, experimentally, as much as 2 gm. of cholesterol in the daily diet. That dietary cholesterol is not important for man would be predicted from the fact that the biliary output of cholesterol from the human liver is from 10 to 20 times as much as the daily amount of cholesterol in any diet of natural foods. Repeated careful dietary surveys on large numbers of persons in whom blood cholesterol was measured consistently fail to disclose a relationship between the cholesterol in the diet and in the serum.”
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